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#include <QtGui/QApplication>
#include <QTextCodec>
#include <QTranslator>
#include <QLocale>
#include "mainwindow.h"

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    QApplication app(argc, argv);
    QTextCodec::setCodecForTr(QTextCodec::codecForName("UTF-8"));
    QTranslator qtTranslator;
    if (!qtTranslator.load("test_" + QLocale::system().name()))
      printf("error!\r\n");
    printf("%s\r\n", (const char *)QLocale::system().name().toUtf8());
    app.installTranslator(&qtTranslator);
    MainWindow w;
    w.setWindowTitle(QObject::tr("Фигня"));
    w.show();
    return app.exec();
}

TARGET = test
TEMPLATE = app
SOURCES += main.cpp\
        mainwindow.cpp
HEADERS  += mainwindow.h
FORMS    += mainwindow.ui
TRANSLATIONS = test_en.ts
CODECFORSRC = UTF-8
CODECFORTR = UTF-8

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE TS>
<TS version="2.0" language="en_US">
<defaultcodec>UTF-8</defaultcodec>
<context>
    <name>QObject</name>
    <message>
        <location filename="main.cpp" line="10"/>
        <source>Фигня</source>
        <translation>Fignya</translation>
    </message>
</context>
</TS>

export LANG=en_US.UTF-8

    QTranslator qtTranslator;
    if (!qtTranslator.load("test_en"))
      printf("error!\r\n");
    app.installTranslator(&qtTranslator);

QTextCodec::setCodecForCStrings(QTextCodec::codecForName("UTF-8"));